Super Cool Creations Lightning Bolt Mirrors - 35cm x 25cm

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Because human beings are terrestrial and most of their possessions are on the Earth where lightning can damage or destroy them, cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning is the most studied and best understood of the three types, even though in-cloud (IC) and cloud-to-cloud (CC) are more common types of lightning. Lightning's relative unpredictability limits a complete explanation of how or why it occurs, even after hundreds of years of scientific investigation.

Thanks to specific algorithms, data is processed on board to send only useful information to Earth, supporting the development of more accurate weather forecasts, as well as contributing to the study of weather phenomena and air transport safety." Sheet lightning is cloud-to-cloud lightning that exhibits a diffuse brightening of the surface of a cloud, caused by the actual discharge path being hidden or too far away. The lightning itself cannot be seen by the spectator, so it appears as only a flash, or a sheet of light. The lightning may be too far away to discern individual flashes. a b Lu, Gaopeng; Cummer, Steven A; Blakeslee, Richard J; Weiss, Stephanie; Beasley, William H (2012). "Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117 (D4): n/a. Bibcode: 2012JGRD..117.4212L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.308.9842. doi: 10.1029/2011JD016890. Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning primarily originates in the thundercloud and terminates on an Earth surface, but may also occur in the reverse direction, that is ground to cloud.The final straw for Gartside came when he wanted Lee to make peace with Gary Speed but the manager was reluctant to do so. Speed undermined Lee's authority by disagreeing with him about the type of football they should be playing - and making his views known at a team meeting. Effects on buildings and vehicles Strokes of cloud-to-ground lightning during a thunderstorm in the town of Oradea.

Lightning on Venus has been a controversial subject after decades of study. During the Soviet Venera and U.S. Pioneer missions of the 1970s and 1980s, signals suggesting lightning may be present in the upper atmosphere were detected. [129] The short Cassini–Huygens mission fly-by of Venus in 1999 detected no signs of lightning, but radio pulses recorded by the spacecraft Venus Express (which began orbiting Venus in April 2006) may originate from lightning on Venus. [130] Human-related phenomena The bolt of lightning in heraldry is called a thunderbolt and is shown as a zigzag with non-pointed ends. This symbol usually represents power and speed. Maggio, Christopher R.; Marshall, Thomas C.; Stolzenburg, Maribeth (2009). "Estimations of charge transferred and energy released by lightning flashes in short bursts". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 114 (D14): D14203. Bibcode: 2009JGRD..11414203M. doi: 10.1029/2008JD011506.Holzworth, R. H. (2019). "Global Distribution of Superbolts". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 124 (17–18): 9996–10005. Bibcode: 2019JGRD..124.9996H. doi: 10.1029/2019JD030975. Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning is either positive or negative, as defined by the direction of the conventional electric current between cloud and ground. Most CG lightning is negative, meaning that a negative charge is transferred to ground and electrons travel downward along the lightning channel (conventionally the current flows from the ground to the cloud). The reverse happens in a positive CG flash, where electrons travel upward along the lightning channel and a positive charge is transferred to the ground (conventionally the current flows from the cloud to the ground). Positive lightning is less common than negative lightning, and on average makes up less than 5% of all lightning strikes. [73] A bolt from the blue lightning strike which appears to initiate from the clear, but the turbulent sky above the anvil cloud and drive a bolt of plasma through the cloud directly to the ground. They are commonly referred to as positive flashes, despite the fact that they are usually negative in polarity. National Weather Service (2007). "Lightning Safety". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on October 7, 2007 . Retrieved September 21, 2007.

Reprinted in: Vonnegut, B.; Vaughan, O. H. Jr.; Brook, M.; Krehbiel, P. (February 1985). "Mesoscale observations of lightning from Space Shuttle". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 66 (1): 20–29. Bibcode: 1985BAMS...66...20Y. doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1985)066<0020:MOOLFS>2.0.CO;2. hdl: 2060/19840024717. An electron is not stable in liquid water with respect to a hydroxide ion plus dissolved hydrogen for the time scales involved in thunder storms. [21] Uman, M. A. (2001). The lightning discharge. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486151984 . Retrieved September 1, 2020. Vertical wind shear displacing the upper positive charge region of a thundercloud, exposing it to the ground below.Volland, H. (ed) (1995) Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, ISBN 0849386470. Annual Lightning Flash Rate". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008 . Retrieved February 8, 2009. Cloud-to-air lightning is a lightning flash in which one end of a bidirectional leader exits the cloud, but does not result in a ground flash. Such flashes can sometimes be thought of as failed ground flashes. Blue jets and gigantic jets are a form of cloud-to-air or cloud-to-ionosphere lightning where a leader is launched from the top of a thunderstorm. The upward motions within the storm and winds at higher levels in the atmosphere tend to cause the small ice crystals (and positive charge) in the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud to spread out horizontally some distance from the thunderstorm cloud base. This part of the thunderstorm cloud is called the anvil. While this is the main charging process for the thunderstorm cloud, some of these charges can be redistributed by air movements within the storm (updrafts and downdrafts). In addition, there is a small but important positive charge buildup near the bottom of the thunderstorm cloud due to the precipitation and warmer temperatures. [15]

About 90% of ionic channel lengths between "pools" are approximately 45m (148ft) in length. [50] The establishment of the ionic channel takes a comparatively long amount of time (hundreds of milliseconds) in comparison to the resulting discharge, which occurs within a few dozen microseconds. The electric current needed to establish the channel, measured in the tens or hundreds of amperes, is dwarfed by subsequent currents during the actual discharge. Fink, Micah. "How Lightning Forms". PBS.org. Public Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved September 21, 2007. The best-studied and understood form of lightning is cloud to ground (CG) lightning. Although more common, intra-cloud (IC) and cloud-to-cloud (CC) flashes are very difficult to study given there are no "physical" points to monitor inside the clouds. Also, given the very low probability of lightning striking the same point repeatedly and consistently, scientific inquiry is difficult even in areas of high CG frequency. A lightning strike from cloud to ground in the Mojave Desert, California An intra-cloud flash. A lightning flash within the cloud illuminates the entire cloud. Lightning leaders A downward leader travels towards earth, branching as it goes. Lightning strike caused by the connection of two leaders, positive shown in blue and negative in red Not surprisingly, she was the 7-4 favourite for her hurdling bow, in a novice event at Wincanton last month.Prior to that effort, the gelded son of Alflora had been progressing nicely through the handicap ranks. Staying Safe in Lightning Alley". NASA. January 3, 2007. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007 . Retrieved September 24, 2007. Lewton, Thomas (December 20, 2021). "Detailed Footage Finally Reveals What Triggers Lightning". Quanta Magazine . Retrieved December 21, 2021.