Snakes Coloring Book for Kids: Reptilian Drawing Book for Child of All Ages | Gift Idea for Childrens and Toddlers Who Like Animals!

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When it was discovered in 1995, the Son Doong Cave was said to be so large that it couldn’t be fully explored at the time. Over 150 meters (492 ft) high, 200 meters (656 ft) wide, and 6.5 kilometers (4 mi) in length, it was opened to the public for tours in 2013. Since then, there have been several reports of strange creatures lurking within the cave systems. Redding, D. W. & Mooers, A. O. Ranking mammal species for conservation and the loss of both phylogenetic and trait diversity. PLoS ONE 10, e0141435 (2015). Di Marco, M. & Santini, L. Human pressures predict species’ geographic range size better than biological traits. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 2169–2178 (2015). Jetz, W. & Pyron, R. A. The interplay of past diversification and evolutionary isolation with present imperilment across the amphibian tree of life. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 850–858 (2018).

To calculate the human pressure (HP)-weighted spatial distribution of a phylogenetic branch we first linearly scored each terrestrial grid cell in the distribution according to which of the five classes of human pressure the grid cell belongs. These are: 1 = ‘no pressure’ (Human Footprint = 0); 0.8 = ‘low pressure’ (HF = 1–2); 0.6 = ‘moderate pressure’ (HF = 3–5); 0.4 = ‘high pressure’ (HF = 6–11); 0.2 = ‘very high pressure’ (HF = 12–50) 42 (see Supplementary Fig. 8). These weightings are not intended to account for finer scale gaps in the range (spatial distribution) due to human pressure, but rather to provide a better proxy for threat than range size alone. As the Human Footprint scores, and subsequent human pressure categories, are the result of an ensemble of threats that vary in nature, the true proportion of remaining suitable habitat will differ across grid cells of equal human pressure (Supplementary Fig. 8) and will also be species and disturbance-specific. Our scoring of grid cells based on broad categories of human pressure provides a relative weighting under the assumption that increased human pressure in a cell will have a negative impact on all coincident species 42. At the species-level, turtles contribute the largest amounts of unique PD per species, with the greatest median TBL (Fig. 1) of any tetrapod group (14.1 MY; compared to 8.5 MY for amphibians, 8.3 MY for crocodilians, 4.9 MY for lepidosaurs, 3.9 MY for mammals and 3.1 MY for birds), and lepidosaurs have the greatest unique contribution to PD by a single species (median TBL = 238.7 MY— Sphenodon punctatus). As previously reported 45, the calculation of species-level measures of PD is largely robust to the influence of missing species and our results remain largely unchanged when repeated on our rarefied phylogenetic trees (Supplementary Table 3). Start by drawing a basic outline of the reptile’s body. Then, add the legs, tail, and head. Be sure to make the head slightly larger than the body. We felt that the UFO story was a softer way to introduce a debate about current issues,” explains Grafik. “There’s a sense now that, if the world doesn’t fit your view, you can create your own reality through the web, where forums foster enclosed debates. You no longer have to subjugate your own opinion to the realities of the world.”

Sightings of UFOs have been reported for decades, and photographs of aliens and spaceships are, if not 10-a-penny, then commonplace. MacDonald, though, is only aware of a single example of a photograph supposedly taken not of an alien but by one: an amiable creature from outer space called Rama, the protagonist of a little-known abduction case that supposedly occurred in the Brazilian city of Botucatu in the 1980s. Meiri, S. & Chapple, D. G. Biases in the current knowledge of threat status in lizards, and bridging the ‘assessment gap’. Biol. Conserv. 204, 6–15 (2016). Wes Penre from Oregon claims that his reptilian encounter began when he woke up one night and noticed that the room had suddenly turned icy cold. As he fully awoke, he realized that he couldn’t move and was paralyzed in his bed. Then, Penre noticed an extremely muscular, green humanoid with red eyes in the room with him.

As HIPE redistributes PD to regions of lower pressure, grid cells under very high human pressure cannot have a HIPE/PE ratio greater than 1 as they cannot receive additional PD from grid cells under greater human pressure. Conversely, grid cells under no human pressure cannot have a HIPE/PE ratio lower than 1, as they can only gain PD when it is redistributed based on human pressure. We therefore partitioned global patterns of reptilian HIPE into two components: (1) regions under very high human pressure (HF ≥ 12) where the HIPE/PE ratio approaches 1, indicating an overwhelming proportion of the PD found in those grid cells is restricted to regions under very high human pressure and does not also occur in regions under lower human pressure; and (2) regions under no human pressure (HF = 0) wherethe HIPE/PE ratio approaches 1, indicating the vast majority of PD present in those grid cells is restricted to regions under no human pressure. We used the 2009 Human Footprint index (HF) 42—the most up-to-date HF dataset—to designate spatial patterns of human pressure. The HF index evaluates each grid cell based on the intensity of eight measures of human pressure (built environments, crop land, pasture land, human population density, night-time lights, railways, roads, navigable waterways), weighted according to estimates of their relative levels of human pressure 41, 42, and assigns an HF value between 0 (lowest human pressure) and 50 (greatest human pressure) to each cell 42. We up-scaled the HF data from its original 1 × 1 km resolution to our 96.5 × 96.5 km grid for species distribution data by taking the mean value from all 1 km x 1 km grid cells coincident with each 96.5 km x 96.5 km grid cell (Supplementary Fig. 8). Spatial value metric for conserving PD To determine the extent of human pressure on regions of irreplaceable reptilian diversity, we explored the relationship between the Human Footprint index 42 and reptilian PE globally. We find that PE and Human Footprint are positively correlated globally (spatially corrected correlation: r = 0.16, e.d.f. = 514.011, p< 0.001). Regions containing the two highest pressure categories (‘high’ and ‘very high’, with Human Footprint ≥ 6 and ≥ 12, respectively 42) harbour significantly greater amounts of reptilian PE than categories of lower human pressure (Tukey HSD < 0.05).In MacLean's triune brain model, the basal ganglia are referred to as the reptilian or primal brain, as this structure is in control of our innate and automatic self-preserving behavior patterns, which ensure our survival and that of our species. The primal brain is also in charge of, what are often referred to as, the four Fs: Feeding, Fighting, Fleeing, and… Reproduction (well, we won’t use that other f-word here!). Notable behavior patterns include defense of self, family, and personal property, physical communication, and socially approved actions, such as handshakes, head nods, and bowing. Origins of the 'Reptilian Complex' Cadotte, M. W. Experimental evidence that evolutionarily diverse assemblages result in higher productivity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 110, 8996–9000 (2013). Tonini, J. F. R., Beard, K. H., Ferreira, R. B., Jetz, W. & Pyron, R. A. Fully-sampled phylogenies of squamates reveal evolutionary patterns in threat status. Biol. Conserv. 204, 23–31 (2016).

Once you’re happy with your drawing, go ahead and add some color. You can use whatever colors you like, but it’s often best to stay within a natural color palette. This will help your reptile look more realistic. Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK Indeed, our coarse spatial resolution can potentially mask more intricate patterns of species distributions and remaining habitat at finer resolutions. However, Venter et al. 42 uncovered similar relationships between regions of high human pressure, biodiversity hotspots and threatened species distributions at a fine spatial scale. Further, the distribution of fine-resolution Human Footprint data comprising our coarse-resolution analyses indicates regions under very high human pressure have few, if any, low pressure fine-resolution grid cells remaining (Supplementary Fig. 8). At the species level, reptiles embody more unique evolutionary history than amphibians, birds or mammals. Turtles have particularly long terminal branches, indicating that each turtle species, on average, represents large amounts of unique evolutionary history. It is troubling to note that, across tetrapods, Data Deficient and threatened species also generally comprise more unique evolutionary history than non-threatened species.

Böhm, M. et al. Hot and bothered: using trait-based approaches to assess climate change vulnerability in reptiles. Biol. Conserv. 204, 32–41 (2016). Safi, K., Armour-Marshall, K., Baillie, J. E. M. & Isaac, N. J. B. Global patterns of evolutionary distinct and globally endangered amphibians and mammals. PLoS ONE 8, e63582 (2013). If you’re using a reference image, be sure to look closely at the colors and patterns. Use your colored pencils, markers, or crayons to add these details in. Next, let’s focus on th