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Ribbon Lightning occurs in thunderstorms with high cross winds and many return strokes. The wind blows each successive return stroke sideways into the previous return stroke, causing a ribbon effect (Camera movement during the capture of a lightning photograph can also result in the same effect). The Earth-ionosphere waveguide traps electromagnetic VLF- and ELF waves. Electromagnetic pulses transmitted by lightning strikes propagate within that waveguide. The waveguide is dispersive, which means that their group velocity depends on frequency. The difference of the group time delay of a lightning pulse at adjacent frequencies is proportional to the distance between transmitter and receiver. Together with direction-finding methods, this allows locating lightning strikes up to distances of 10,000km from their origin. Moreover, the eigenfrequencies of the Earth-ionospheric waveguide, the Schumann resonances Superbolts are rather loosely defined as strikes with a source energy of more than 100 gigajoule [100 GJ] (most lightning strikes come in at around 1 gigajoule [1 GJ]). Events of this magnitude occur about as frequently as one in 240 strikes. They are not categorically distinct from ordinary lightning strikes, and simply represent the uppermost edge of a continuum. Contrary to popular misconception, superbolts can be either positively or negatively charged, and the charge ratio is comparable to that of "ordinary" lightning. [99] [100] [101] Once a conductive channel bridges the air gap between the negative charge excess in the cloud and the positive surface charge excess below, there is a large drop in resistance across the lightning channel. Electrons accelerate rapidly as a result in a zone beginning at the point of attachment, which expands across the entire leader network at up to one third of the speed of light. [61] This is the "return stroke" and it is the most luminous and noticeable part of the lightning discharge. Each successive stroke is preceded by intermediate dart leader strokes that have a faster rise time but lower amplitude than the initial return stroke. Each subsequent stroke usually re-uses the discharge channel taken by the previous one, but the channel may be offset from its previous position as wind displaces the hot channel. [68]
It is well understood that during a thunderstorm there is charge separation and aggregation in certain regions of the cloud; however, the exact processes by which this occurs are not fully understood. [48] Electrical field generation View of lightning from an airplane flying above a system. Heat lightning is a lightning flash that appears to produce no discernible thunder because it occurs too far away for the thunder to be heard. The sound waves dissipate before they reach the observer. [94] Winter storms usually produce the greatest proportion of CG flashes in the UK. This is because lightning-producing clouds are associated with active cold and occluded fronts. Still, many are also embedded in the polar maritime air mass afterwards (the typical wintry showers which affect the country’s western half, producing soft hail) and marked on the synoptic charts as troughs. Given that the relatively warm sea is the source of instability, these showers can be present day and night and produce infrequent but very powerful CG flashes of up to ~300,000 amps! (typical lightning is ~20kA). Their bias towards powerful CG flashes is thought to be due to their sheared, low cloud tops. The positive charge at the top of these clouds overhangs the lower negative charge, which would otherwise screen the upper charge from the ground, encouraging a direct, powerful lightning flash between the top of the cloud and the ground. Despite the popular misconception that these [ clarification needed] are positive lightning strikes due to them seemingly originating from the positive charge region, observations have shown that these are in fact negative flashes. They begin as IC flashes within the cloud, the negative leader then exits the cloud from the positive charge region before propagating through clear air and striking the ground some distance away. [79] [80]Once these steps are complete, take the vehicle for a test drive to see if the problem is resolved. If not, you may need to move on to the next steps. Because human beings are terrestrial and most of their possessions are on the Earth where lightning can damage or destroy them, cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning is the most studied and best understood of the three types, even though in-cloud (IC) and cloud-to-cloud (CC) are more common types of lightning. Lightning's relative unpredictability limits a complete explanation of how or why it occurs, even after hundreds of years of scientific investigation. The three main kinds of lightning are distinguished by where they occur: either inside a single thundercloud (intra-cloud), between two clouds (cloud-to-cloud), or between a cloud and the ground (cloud-to-ground), in which case it is referred to as a lightning strike. [4] [5] Many other observational variants are recognized, including " heat lightning", which can be seen from a great distance but not heard; dry lightning, which can cause forest fires; and ball lightning, which is rarely observed scientifically. Some political parties use lightning flashes as a symbol of power, such as the People's Action Party in Singapore, the British Union of Fascists during the 1930s, and the National States' Rights Party in the United States during the 1950s. [186] The Schutzstaffel, the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party, used the Sig rune in their logo which symbolizes lightning. The German word Blitzkrieg, which means "lightning war", was a major offensive strategy of the German army during World War II. A complex arrangement of charge regions in a thundercloud, effectively resulting in an inverted dipole or inverted tripole in which the main negative charge region is above the main positive charge region instead of beneath it.
A large electric charge flows along the plasma channel, from the cloud to the ground, neutralising the positive ground charge as electrons flow away from the strike point to the surrounding area. This huge surge of current creates large radial voltage differences along the surface of the ground. Called step potentials, [ citation needed] they are responsible for more injuries and deaths in groups of people or of other animals than the strike itself. [62] Electricity takes every path available to it. [63]Engine stalling: Some Jeep Compass owners have reported that their engines stall unexpectedly. This can be a dangerous problem, leading to the loss of power steering and brakes. Return stroke" redirects here. For other uses, see Return stroke (disambiguation). High-speed photography showing different parts of a lightning flash during the discharge process as seen in Toulouse, France. Because the concentrated charge within the cloud must exceed the insulating properties of air, and this increases proportionally to the distance between the cloud and the ground, the proportion of CG strikes (versus CC or IC discharges) becomes greater when the cloud is closer to the ground. In the tropics, where the freezing level is generally higher in the atmosphere, only 10% of lightning flashes are CG. At the latitude of Norway (around 60° North latitude), where the freezing elevation is lower, 50% of lightning is CG. [37] [38] Positive lightning strikes tend to be much more intense than their negative counterparts. An average bolt of negative lightning carries an electric current of 30,000 amperes (30kA), and transfers 15C ( coulombs) of electric charge and 1 gigajoule of energy. Large bolts of positive lightning can carry up to 120kA and 350C. [75] The average positive ground flash has roughly double the peak current of a typical negative flash, and can produce peak currents up to 400kA and charges of several hundred coulombs. [76] [77] Furthermore, positive ground flashes with high peak currents are commonly followed by long continuing currents, a correlation not seen in negative ground flashes. [78] The electronic throttle control system contains the accelerator pedal, the throttle body and an ETC module. The module reads input from the accelerator pedal and transmits data to the throttle body. For example, if you step on the accelerator, the ETC opens the throttle body in relation to the force applied to the pedal. When the pedal is released, the ETC closes the throttle body.
Even ETC can have problems with how it works. And if it has a problem, the red lightning bolt on the dashboard lets you know. When you see a red lightning bolt on the dashboard, it means that the Electronic Control Throttle has stopped talking to the gas pedal. So, when you see this warning sign, you should know that the gas pedal and the throttle are not talking to each other the way they should. What Do I Do If My Electronic Throttle Control Light Comes On? Some vehicles have a yellow lightning bolt symbol, while others show a red warning light. What is the difference? Is one more severe than another? The earliest detector invented to warn of the approach of a thunderstorm was the lightning bell. Benjamin Franklin installed one such device in his house. [140] [141] The detector was based on an electrostatic device called the 'electric chimes' invented by Andrew Gordon in 1742.Some high energy cosmic rays produced by supernovas as well as solar particles from the solar wind, enter the atmosphere and electrify the air, which may create pathways for lightning bolts. [170] Lightning and climate change
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