LaiEr Portable Travel Yoga Mat, Foldable Lightweight workout Mat - Best for Yoga, Pilates, Bikram, stretching, Workout and Exercise(183CM*61CM*1.5MM)

Product Information

Kalivas, P.W.; O’Brien, C. Drug Addiction as a Pathology of Staged Neuroplasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 33, 166–180. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Spicer, J.; Galvan, A.; Hare, T.A.; Voss, H.; Glover, G.; Casey, B. Sensitivity of the nucleus accumbens to violations in expectation of reward. NeuroImage 2007, 34, 455–461. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]

Littel, M.; Euser, A.S.; Munafò, M.R.; Franken, I.H.A. Electrophysiological indices of biased cognitive processing of substance-related cues: A meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2012, 36, 1803–1816. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]Lin, X.; Dong, G.; Wang, Q.; Du, X. Abnormal gray matter and white matter volume in “Internet gaming addicts”. Addict. Behav. 2015, 40, 137–143. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Yang, Z.; Xie, J.; Shao, Y.-C.; Xie, C.-M.; Fu, L.-P.; Li, D.-J.; Fan, M.; Ma, L.; Li, S.-J. Dynamic neural responses to cue-reactivity paradigms in heroin-dependent users: An fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2009, 30, 766–775. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Berridge, K.C.; Robinson, T.E.; Aldridge, J.W. Dissecting components of reward: “Liking”, “wanting”, and learning. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2009, 9, 65–73. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Blum, K.; Cull, J.G.; Braverman, E.R.; Comings, D.E. Reward Deficiency Syndrome. Am. Sci. 1996, 84, 132–145. [ Google Scholar] Wallace, D.L.; Vialou, V.; Rios, L.; Carle-Florence, T.L.; Chakravarty, S.; Kumar, A.; Graham, D.L.; Green, T.A.; Kirk, A.; Iñiguez, S.D.; et al. The influence of DeltaFosB in the nucleus accumbens on natural reward-related behavior. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28, 10272–10277. [ Google Scholar] [ PubMed]

Holstege, G.; Georgiadis, J.R.; Paans, A.M.J.; Meiners, L.C.; van der Graaf, F.H.C.E.; Reinders, A.A.T.S. Brain activation during human male ejaculation. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23, 9185–9193. [ Google Scholar] [ PubMed]Pezoa-Jares, R.E. Internet Addiction: A Review. J. Addict. Res. Ther. S. 2012, 6, 2. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Lu, D.W.; Wang, J.W.; Huang, A.C.W. Differentiation of Internet addiction risk level based on autonomic nervous responses: The Internet-addiction hypothesis of autonomic activity. Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw. 2010, 13, 371–378. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]

Owens, E.W.; Behun, R.J.; Manning, J.C.; Reid, R.C. The Impact of Internet Pornography on Adolescents: A Review of the Research. Sex. Addict. Compulsivity 2012, 19, 99–122. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Romanczuk-Seiferth, N.; Koehler, S.; Dreesen, C.; Wüstenberg, T.; Heinz, A. Pathological gambling and alcohol dependence: Neural disturbances in reward and loss avoidance processing. Addict. Biol. 2015, 20, 557–569. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Cam, E.; Isbulan, O. A New Addiction for Teacher Candidates: Social Networks. Turk. Online J. Educ. Technol.—TOJET 2012, 11, 14–19. [ Google Scholar] Regarding the development and maintenance of an addictive use of specific Internet applications (SIA), we argue – consistent with previous research and in accordance with the model by Davis ( 2001) – that psychopathological symptoms are particularly involved (Brand et al., 2011; Kuss and Griffith, 2011; Pawlikowski and Brand, 2011; Laier et al., 2013a; Pawlikowski et al., 2014). We also hypothesize that specific person’s predispositions increase the probability that an individual receives gratification from the use of certain applications and overuses these applications again. One example for such a specific predisposition is a high sexual excitation (Cooper et al., 2000a, b; Bancroft and Vukadinovic, 2004; Salisbury, 2008; Kafka, 2010), which makes it more likely that an individual uses Internet pornography, because he/she anticipates sexual arousal and gratification (Meerkerk et al., 2006; Young, 2008). We believe that the expectancy that such Internet applications can satisfy certain desires increases the likelihood that these Internet applications are used frequently, as assumed in addictive behavior in general (Robinson and Berridge, 2000, 2003; Everitt and Robbins, 2006) and that the individual can develop a loss of control over his/her use of such applications. As a result, gratification is experienced and consequently the use of such applications and also the specific Internet use expectancies and the coping style are reinforced positively. This has already been shown, for example for cybersex addiction (Brand et al., 2011; Laier et al., 2013a) and is most likely also a mechanism for online gaming (e.g., Tychsen et al., 2006; Yee, 2006). The more general psychopathological tendencies (e.g., depression and social anxiety) are supposed to be negatively reinforced. This may be due to the fact that also specific Internet applications (e.g., Internet pornography) can be used to distract from problems in the real life or to avoid negative feelings, such as loneliness or social isolation. The main arguments of our model are summarized in Figure ​ Figure1 1. Lin, P.-C.; Kuo, S.-Y.; Lee, P.-H.; Sheen, T.-C.; Chen, S.-R. Effects of internet addiction on heart rate variability in school-aged children. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2014, 29, 493–498. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]Griffiths, M.D. Internet sex addiction: A review of empirical research. Addict. Res. Theory 2011, 20, 111–124. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Blum, K.; Braverman, E.R.; Holder, J.M.; Lubar, J.F.; Monastra, V.J.; Miller, D.; Lubar, J.O.; Chen, T.J.; Comings, D.E. The reward deficiency syndrome: A biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. J. Psychoactive Drugs 2000, 32, 1–112. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Lam, L.T. Internet gaming addiction, problematic use of the internet, and sleep problems: A systematic review. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2014, 16, 444. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Prause, N.; Pfaus, J. Viewing Sexual Stimuli Associated with Greater Sexual Responsiveness, Not Erectile Dysfunction. Sex. Med. 2015, 3, 90–98. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]