Psychedelics Encyclopedia

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Thompson, C.; Szabo, A. Psychedelics as a novel approach to treating autoimmune conditions. Immunol. Lett. 2020, 228, 45–54. Garcia-Romeu, A.; Griffiths, R.R.; Johnson, M.W. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction. Curr. Drug Abus. Rev. 2014, 7, 157–164. Nascimento, J.M.; Martins-de-Souza, D. The proteome of schizophrenia. NPJ Schizophr. 2015, 1, 14003. Kühn, S.; Gallinat, J. Common biology of craving across legal and illegal drugs—A quantitative meta-analysis of cue-reactivity brain response. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2011, 33, 1318–1326. Archaeological evidence suggests psychoactive plants have been ingested the world over for millennia, 2 and there are many examples in the literature of anthropology and ethnobotany of this leading to the appearance of ostensible psi phenomena 3– despite reservations on the part of anthropologists against reporting them. 4 Reports of paranormal experiences in this context became more frequent following the discovery of psychedelic compounds by the academic community, and their popularization by the novelist Aldous Huxley 5 and others. This attracted the attention of parapsychologists, who embarked on research of psi in relation to psychedelics, primarily from the 1950s and 1960s 6. JB Rhine, the founder of parapsychology as an experimental science, ran informal psychedelic sessions in 1961 in collaboration with the then Harvard psychologists Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert, 7 although the sessions apparently generated too much spontaneous laughter for anyone to credibly test for anything. 8

See also: Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms, Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States, and Legal status of ayahuasca by country Grof, S. (2001). LSD Psychotherapy (3rd ed.). Sarasota, Florida, USA: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. Xu, R.; Liang, J.; Luo, Y.; Wan, X.; Li, K.; Qi, L.; Yuan, W.; Chen, J.; Wu, Z.; Wang, M.; et al. Mass spectrometry identification of potential biomarker proteins in the 150-kD electrophoretic band in patients with schizophrenia. Medicine 2018, 97, e13553. Aldous Huxley had suggested his own coinage phanerothyme (Greek phaneroein- "to make manifest or visible" and Greek thymos "soul", thus "to reveal the soul") to Osmond in 1956. [31] Recently, the term entheogen (meaning "that which produces the divine within") has come into use to denote the use of psychedelic drugs, as well as various other types of psychoactive substances, in a religious, spiritual, and mystical context. [32]Pahnke, W.N. (1968). The psychedelic mystical experience in terminal cancer patients and its possible implications for psi research. In Psi and Altered States of Consciousness: Proceedings of an International Conference on Hypnosis, Drugs, Dreams, and Psi, ed. by R. Cavanna & M. Ullman, 115-18. New York: Parapsychology Foundation. Luke, D. (2011b). Experiential reclamation and first person parapsychology. Journal of Parapsychology 75, 185-199. Lieberman, J.A. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia: Efficacy, safety and cost outcomes of CATIE and other trials. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2007, 68, e04.

Beaumont, G. Antipsychotics—The Future of Schizophrenia Treatment. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2000, 16, 37–42. The procedure for psychedelic therapy differs from that of therapies using conventional psychiatric medications. While conventional medications are usually taken without supervision at least once daily, in contemporary psychedelic therapy the drug is administered in a single session (or sometimes up to three sessions) in a therapeutic context. [60] The therapeutic team prepares the patient for the experience beforehand and helps them integrate insights from the drug experience afterwards. [61] [62] After ingesting the drug, the patient normally wears eyeshades and listens to music to facilitate focus on the psychedelic experience, with the therapeutic team interrupting only to provide reassurance if adverse effects such as anxiety or disorientation arise. [61] [62] Hwang, K.A.J.; Saadabadi, A. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD); StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2022. The findings from the survey research indicate a small but consistent– and typically significant– relationship ( r = .16 to .25) between paranormal belief and drug use, although its size was more pronounced among marijuana users in one study. 23 Furthermore, these studies support the hypothesis that psychedelics can induce some paranormal experiences, although the arguments that are advanced for and against the genuineness of field reports also prevail here. 24 Of the reviewed surveys, correlations between the occurrence of paranormal experiences (including psi and mystical experiences) and the use of all drugs (excluding prescription drugs) ranged from r = .13 to .46, and were typically significant. In addition, or alternatively, those reporting ESP and anomalous or paranormal experiences were found to be significantly more likely to use psychedelics. One study recorded the same finding for recurrent spontaneous psychokinesis (also known as poltergeist phenomena), although only tentatively. 25Díaz, J.L. (1979). Ethnopharmacology and taxonomy of Mexican psychodysleptic plants. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11/1-2, 71-101. Hirst, M. (2000). Root, dream and myth. The use of the oneirogenic plant Silene capensis among the Xhosa of South Africa. Eleusis: Journal of Psychoactive Plants and Compounds 4, 121-49. The earliest parapsychology experiments with psychoactive substances, published between 1943 and 1961, were conducted with simple stimulants and depressants such as caffeine, amphetamine, alcohol, amytal, and quinal-barbitone, with mixed results. 31

Tart, C.T. (1977). Drug-induced states of consciousness. In Handbook of Parapsychology, ed. by B. Wolman, 500-525). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Ramaekers, J.G.; Hutten, N.; Mason, N.L.; Dolder, P.; Theunissen, E.L.; Holze, F.; Liechti, M.E.; Feilding, A.; Kuypers, K.P. A low dose of lysergic acid diethylamide decreases pain perception in healthy volunteers. J. Psychopharmacol. 2021, 35, 398–405. Tinoco, C.A. (1994). Testa de ESP em pacientes sob efeito da ayahuasca [Controlled ESP test in patients under the influence of ayahuasca]. Revista Brasileira de Parapsicologia 14, 42-8. Halpern, J.H.; Sherwood, A.R.; Hudson, J.I.; Yurgelun-Todd, D.; Pope, H.G.J. Psychological and cognitive effects of long-term peyote use among Native Americans. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 58, 624–631. LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is a derivative of lysergic acid, which is obtained from the hydrolysis of ergotamine. Ergotamine is an alkaloid found in the fungus claviceps purpurea, which primarily infects rye. LSD is both the prototypical psychedelic and the prototypical lysergamide. As a lysergamide, LSD contains both a tryptamine and phenethylamine group within its structure. As a result of containing a phenethylamine group LSD agonises dopamine receptors as well as serotonin receptors, [44] making it more energetic in effect in contrast to the more sedating effects of psilocin, which is not a dopamine agonist. [45]Despite the contrary perception of much of the public, psychedelic drugs are not addictive and are physiologically safe. [20] [21] [10] As of 2016, there have been no known deaths due to overdose of LSD, psilocybin, or mescaline. [10] Wulff, D.M. (2014). Mystical experiences. In Varieties of Anomalous Experience: Examining the Scientific Evidence (2nd ed.), ed. by E. Cardeña, S.J. Lynn, & S. Krippner, 369-408). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Endnotes Richards, W.A.; Rhead, J.C.; Grof, S.; Goodman, L.E.; Di Leo, F.; Rush, L. DPT as an Adjunct in Brief Psychotherapy with Cancer Patients. OMEGA—J. Death Dying 1980, 10, 9–26. Tharoor, H.; Kaliappan, A.; Gopal, S. Sexual dysfunctions in schizophrenia: Professionals and patients perspectives. Indian J. Psychiatry 2015, 57, 85–87.