Butterfly Brain

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b Angular tuning of GD ( n = 20; top) and HD ( n = 13; bottom) neurons measured in response to compass perturbations (two left columns) and aversive conditioning (two right columns). Based on the influence of compass perturbations on the neural tuning, we classified the neurons into two types: (i) compass neurons whose angular tuning was linked to the butterflies’ heading direction, such as HD and steering neurons, and (ii) putative GD neurons whose angular tuning was not affected by compass perturbations.

h), we indeed found neurons whose angular tuning changed in association with the butterflies’ goal directions (example blue neuron in Fig.Thus, it would not be surprising if the here described GD neurons in monarch butterflies do not encode distance information and purely encode directional information for short-distance dispersal (non-migratory) or long-distance migration (migratory). Jenny Jacoby, Editor, Bonnier Books UK says: ‘As soon as I read Laura’s script of Butterfly Brain that she had written as a musical commission for Wigmore Hall, I knew this would make a very special picture book.

Our results therefore suggest that the GD neurons closely interact with steering cells and activate them whenever the butterflies substantially deviate from their desired goal direction. Despite the weight of issues being discussed, the verse retains its spark, offering reassurance and pointing the way to a brighter future for Gus and anyone facing the loss he’s experienced. Recent studies predict that GD neurons innervate the fan-shaped body of the central complex 25, 26, 43, 46, 59 which fits well with our recording site (Fig. In addition to routine use of metal detectors, further screening with orbital or skull radiograph and/or CT should be performed wherever there is higher risk. To quantify how well the butterflies ( N = 32) followed the sun displacements of different angular sizes, we calculated the difference in mean heading (magenta lines in Fig.

Treatment response of GBM, and presumably bGBM, is closely tied with IDH mutations and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status. She understands my work so fluently and is able to bring the story to life with her amazingly creative eye.