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Koob GF, Volkow ND (August 2016). "Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis". Lancet Psychiatry. 3 (8): 760–773. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8. PMC 6135092. PMID 27475769. Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and stress surfeits, and compromised executive function in three stages. The rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, development of incentive salience, and development of drug-seeking habits in the binge/intoxication stage involve changes in dopamine and opioid peptides in the basal ganglia. The increases in negative emotional states and dysphoric and stress-like responses in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve decreases in the function of the dopamine component of the reward system and recruitment of brain stress neurotransmitters, such as corticotropin-releasing factor and dynorphin, in the neurocircuitry of the extended amygdala. The craving and deficits in executive function in the so-called preoccupation/anticipation stage involve the dysregulation of key afferent projections from the prefrontal cortex and insula, including glutamate, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala. Molecular genetic studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that act in neurocircuitry associated with the development and maintenance of addiction that might mediate initial vulnerability, maintenance, and relapse associated with addiction.... Substance-induced changes in transcription factors can also produce competing effects on reward function. 141 For example, repeated substance use activates accumulating levels of ΔFosB, and animals with elevated ΔFosB exhibit exaggerated sensitivity to the rewarding eff ects of drugs of abuse, leading to the hypothesis that ΔFosB might be a sustained molecular trigger or switch that helps initiate and maintain a state of addiction. 141,142
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a b c d Lycan, William G. (2012). "Desire Considered as a Propositional Attitude". Philosophical Perspectives. 26 (1): 201–215. doi: 10.1111/phpe.12003. For Andrew Furman, a professor in interior design and architecture at Ryerson University in Toronto who has spent years looking at desire lines, they tell us something about “the endless human desire to have choice. The importance of not having someone prescribe your path”. In a heavily constructed city, there are “rules as to how public and public-private spaces are used”, he says. Desire paths are about “not following the script” – he calls it a “resistance”. “An individual can really write their own story. It’s something really powerful if you do have that agency to move.”
In religion and philosophy, a distinction is sometimes made between higher and lower desires. Higher desires are commonly associated with spiritual or religious goals in contrast to lower desires, sometimes termed passions, which are concerned with bodily or sensory pleasures. This difference is closely related to John Stuart Mill's distinction between the higher pleasures of the mind and the lower pleasures of the body. [18] In some religions, all desires are outright rejected as a negative influence on our well-being. The second Noble Truth in Buddhism, for example, states that desiring is the cause of all suffering. [19] A related doctrine is also found in the Hindu tradition of karma yoga, which recommends that we act without a desire for the fruits of our actions, referred to as " Nishkam Karma". [20] [21] But other strands in Hinduism explicitly distinguish lower or bad desires for worldly things from higher or good desires for closeness or oneness with God. This distinction is found, for example, in the Bhagavad Gita or in the tradition of bhakti yoga. [20] [22] A similar line of thought is present in the teachings of Christianity. In the doctrine of the seven deadly sins, for example, various vices are listed, which have been defined as perverse or corrupt versions of love. Explicit reference to bad forms of desiring is found, for example, in the sins of lust, gluttony and greed. [5] [23] The seven sins are contrasted with the seven virtues, which include the corresponding positive counterparts. [24] A desire for God is explicitly encouraged in various doctrines. [25] Existentialists sometimes distinguish between authentic and inauthentic desires. Authentic desires express what the agent truly wants from deep within. An agent wants something inauthentically, on the other hand, if the agent is not fully identified with this desire, despite having it. [26] Roles [ edit ] We’ve all been there. You want a short cut – to the bus stop, office or corner shop – but there’s no designated path. Others before you have already flattened the grass, or cut a line through a hedge. Why not, you think.
Desire paths: the illicit trails that defy the urban planners Desire paths: the illicit trails that defy the urban planners
A great variety of features is ascribed to desires. They are usually seen as attitudes toward conceivable states of affairs, often referred to as propositional attitudes. [4] They differ from beliefs, which are also commonly seen as propositional attitudes, by their direction of fit. [4] Both beliefs and desires are representations of the world. But while beliefs aim at truth, i.e. to represent how the world actually is, desires aim to change the world by representing how the world should be. These two modes of representation have been termed mind-to-world and world-to-mind direction of fit respectively. [4] [1] Desires can be either positive, in the sense that the subject wants a desirable state to be the case, or negative, in the sense that the subject wants an undesirable state not to be the case. [5] It is usually held that desires come in varying strengths: some things are desired more strongly than other things. [6] We desire things in regard to some features they have but usually not in regard to all of their features. [7] a b c d Schroeder, Mark (2021). "Value Theory". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University . Retrieved 5 May 2021.Damiel has fallen in love with a circus trapeze artist called Marion (Solveig Dommartin), and marvels at the quaintly exotic artistry of her act. He yearns to abandon his immortality and god status so that he can meet Marion and induce her to fall in love with him – though it is a measure of his still godlike confidence that he never has any doubt that this will happen. Damiel yearns to submit to time itself and the sensual embrace of growing, ageing and dying. Cassiel sympathises, though without wishing to join him, and joins in the musing about the pleasures of humanity and mortality, how exciting it must be to “get enthused about evil for once – be a savage!” Marks, Joel. The Ways of Desire: New Essays in Philosophical Psychology on the Concept of Wanting. Transaction Publishers, 1986 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Schroeder, Tim (2020). "Desire". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University . Retrieved 3 May 2021. Both psychology and philosophy are interested in where desires come from or how they form. An important distinction for this investigation is between intrinsic desires, i.e. what the subject wants for its own sake, and instrumental desires, i.e. what the subject wants for the sake of something else. [2] [3] Instrumental desires depend for their formation and existence on other desires. [9] For example, Aisha has a desire to find a charging station at the airport. This desire is instrumental because it is based on another desire: to keep her mobile phone from dying. Without the latter desire, the former would not have come into existence. [1] As an additional requirement, a possibly unconscious belief or judgment is necessary to the effect that the fulfillment of the instrumental desire would somehow contribute to the fulfillment of the desire it is based on. [9] Instrumental desires usually pass away after the desires they are based on cease to exist. [1] But defective cases are possible where, often due to absentmindedness, the instrumental desire remains. Such cases are sometimes termed "motivational inertia". [9] Something like this might be the case when the agent finds himself with a desire to go to the kitchen, only to realize upon arriving that he does not know what he wants there. [9]
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Nelson, Michael (2019). "Propositional Attitude Reports". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University . Retrieved 4 May 2021. Philippe Borgeaud's novels analyse how emotions such as erotic desire and seduction are connected to fear and wrath by examining cases where people are worried about issues of impurity, sin, and shame.Singer, Peter (2016). "The Most Good You Can Do: A Response to the Commentaries". Journal of Global Ethics. 12 (2): 161–169. doi: 10.1080/17449626.2016.1191523. S2CID 151903760. Berridge, Kent C. (2018). "Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 1647. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01647. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 6137142. PMID 30245654. Weigelin, Ernst (1917). "Legalität und Moralität". Archiv für Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie. 10 (4): 367–376. ISSN 0177-1108. JSTOR 23683644.
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sexual appetite or a sexual urge SYNONYMS 1. covet, fancy. See wish. 2. solicit. 3. aspiration, hunger, appetite, thirst. desire, craving, longing, yearning suggest feelings that impel one to the attainment or possession of something. desire is a strong feeling, worthy or unworthy, that impels to the attainment or possession Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) called any action based on desires a hypothetical imperative, which means they are a command of reason, applying only if one desires the goal in question. [50] Kant also established a relation between the beautiful and pleasure in Critique of Judgment. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel claimed that " self-consciousness is desire". Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, who is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis, proposed the notion of the Oedipus complex, which argues that desire for the mother creates neuroses in their sons. Freud used the Greek myth of Oedipus to argue that people desire incest and must repress that desire. He claimed that children pass through several stages, including a stage in which they fixate on the mother as a sexual object. Based on our scan system, we have determined that these flags are possibly false positives. What is a false positive? a b c d e f Honderich, Ted (2005). "desire". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press.a b c d e f g h Audi, Robert (2001). "3. Action, Belief, and Desire". The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality. Oxford University Press.
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