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Carr, E.H. (2001). What is History?. With a new introduction by Richard J. Evans. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0333977017. At the university level, historians debate the question of whether history belongs more to social science or to the humanities. Many view the field from both perspectives. History of Southeast Asia has been characterized as interaction between regional players and foreign powers. History (derived from Ancient Greek ἱστορία ( historía)'inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation') [1] is the systematic study and documentation of the human past. [2] [3] The teaching of history in French schools was influenced by the Nouvelle histoire as disseminated after the 1960s by Cahiers pédagogiques and Enseignement and other journals for teachers. Also influential was the Institut national de recherche et de documentation pédagogique (INRDP). Joseph Leif, the Inspector-general of teacher training, said pupils children should learn about historians' approaches as well as facts and dates. Louis François, Dean of the History/Geography group in the Inspectorate of National Education advised that teachers should provide historic documents and promote "active methods" which would give pupils "the immense happiness of discovery". Proponents said it was a reaction against the memorization of names and dates that characterized teaching and left the students bored. Traditionalists protested loudly it was a postmodern innovation that threatened to leave the youth ignorant of French patriotism and national identity. [93] Bias in school teaching History books in a bookstore
Stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the tales surrounding King Arthur), are usually classified as cultural heritage or legends. [11] [12] History differs from myth in that it is supported by verifiable evidence. However, ancient cultural influences have helped create variant interpretations of the nature of history, which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and certain topical or thematic elements of historical investigation. History is taught as a part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in universities. Pseudohistory: studies about the past that fall outside the domain of mainstream history (sometimes equivalent to pseudoscience).
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Grafton, Anthony (2006). "The History of Ideas: Precept and Practice, 1950–2000 and beyond" (PDF). Journal of the History of Ideas. 67 (1): 1–32. doi: 10.1353/jhi.2006.0006. S2CID 143746040. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2015. Environmental historian William Cronon proposed three ways to combat bias and ensure authentic and accurate narratives: narratives must not contradict known fact, they must make ecological sense (specifically for environmental history), and published work must be reviewed by scholarly community and other historians to ensure accountability. [53] Areas of study Particular studies and fields
Jason Nicholls, ed. School History Textbooks across Cultures: International Debates and Perspectives (2006) There was sophisticated use of historical method in ancient and medieval China. The groundwork for professional historiography in East Asia was established by court historian Sima Qian (145–90 BC), author of the Records of the Grand Historian ( Shiji) and posthumously known as the Father of Chinese historiography. Saint Augustine was influential in Christian and Western thought at the beginning of the medieval period. Through the Medieval and Renaissance periods, history was often studied through a sacred or religious perspective. Around 1800, German philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel brought philosophy and a more secular approach in historical study. [29] Oral history: the collection and study of historical information by utilizing spoken interviews with people who have lived past events. Worryingly, salaries have risen considerably less than inflation, with annual salaries having only increased by just under 4% in the past year. This is half or 4% less than inflation (8%), which is expected to rise even further in the upcoming months.
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Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the twentieth century: From scientific objectivity to the postmodern challenge (2005). These are approaches to history; not listed are histories of other fields, such as history of science, history of mathematics and history of philosophy. Goldstein, Dana (12 January 2020). "Two States. Eight Textbooks. Two American Stories". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020 . Retrieved 5 May 2020. Tatyana Volodina, "Teaching History in Russia After the Collapse of the USSR", History Teacher, February 2005, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp. 179–188
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