Komodo Reptile Scales

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Many lepidosaurs have a photosensory organ on the top of their heads called the parietal eye, which are also called third eye, pineal eye or pineal gland. This "eye" does not work the same way as a normal eye does as it has only a rudimentary retina and lens and thus, cannot form images. It is, however, sensitive to changes in light and dark and can detect movement. [112] Watson, D.M.S. (1957). "On millerosaurus and the early history of the sauropsid reptiles". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 240 (673): 325–400. Bibcode: 1957RSPTB.240..325W. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1957.0003. Snake scales occur as a motif regularly in computer action games. [37] [38] [39] [40] A snake scale was portrayed as a clue in the 1982 film Blade Runner. [41] Snake scales also figure in popular fiction, such as the Harry Potter series (desiccated Boomslang skin is used as a raw material for concocting the Polyjuice potion), and also in teen fiction. [42] See also [ edit ] Osborn, H.F. (1903). "The reptilian subclasses Diapsida and Synapsida and [the] early history of Diaptosauria". Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History. 1: 451–507. Baker, Barry W (2006). "Forensic implications of dorsal row counts on Puff-faced Water-snakes (Colubridae: Homalopsinae: Homalopsis buccata)" (PDF). Herpetological Review. 37 (2): 171–173.

The scales around the eye are called circumorbital scales and are named as ocular scales but with appropriate prefixes. The ocular scale proper is a transparent scale covering the eye which is called the spectacle, brille or eyecap. [9] [23] The circumorbital scales towards the snout or the front are called preocular scales, those towards the rear are called postocular scales, and those towards the upper or dorsal side are called supraocular scales. Circumorbital scales towards the ventral or lower side, if any, are called subocular scales. Between the preocular and the postnasal scales are one or two scales called loreal scales. [22] Loreal scales are absent in elapids.Huey, R.B. (1982): Temperature, physiology, and the ecology of reptiles. Side 25–91. In Gans, C. & Pough, F.H. (red), Biology of the Reptili No. 12, Physiology (C). Academic Press, London. artikkel Crocodiles are protected in many parts of the world, and are farmed commercially. Their hides are tanned and used to make leather goods such as shoes and handbags; crocodile meat is also considered a delicacy. [166] The most commonly farmed species are the saltwater and Nile crocodiles. Farming has resulted in an increase in the saltwater crocodile population in Australia, as eggs are usually harvested from the wild, so landowners have an incentive to conserve their habitat. Crocodile leather is made into wallets, briefcases, purses, handbags, belts, hats, and shoes. Crocodile oil has been used for various purposes. [167] Highly developed lungs – All reptiles rely on their lungs to breathe air. Even species with permeable skin and other adaptations never completely breathe without the use of their lungs. The close of the Cretaceous period saw the demise of the Mesozoic era reptilian megafauna (see the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, also known as K-Textinction event). Of the large marine reptiles, only sea turtles were left; and of the non-marine large reptiles, only the semi-aquatic crocodiles and broadly similar choristoderes survived the extinction, with last members of the latter, the lizard-like Lazarussuchus, becoming extinct in the Miocene. [59] Of the great host of dinosaurs dominating the Mesozoic, only the small beaked birds survived. This dramatic extinction pattern at the end of the Mesozoic led into the Cenozoic. Mammals and birds filled the empty niches left behind by the reptilian megafauna and, while reptile diversification slowed, bird and mammal diversification took an exponential turn. [43] However, reptiles were still important components of the megafauna, particularly in the form of large and giant tortoises. [60] [61] Phylogenetic classifications group the traditional "mammal-like reptiles", like this Varanodon, with other synapsids, not with extant reptiles

DABVP, Ryan S. De Voe DVM MSpVM DACZM. "Reptilian cardiovascular anatomy and physiology: evaluation and monitoring (Proceedings)". dvm360.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06 . Retrieved 2017-04-22. It was a small, lizard-like animal, about 20 to 30 centimetres (7.9 to 11.8in) long, with numerous sharp teeth indicating an insectivorous diet. [39] Other examples include Westlothiana (for the moment considered a reptiliomorph rather than a true amniote) [40] and Paleothyris, both of similar build and presumably similar habit.The benefit of a low resting metabolism is that it requires far less fuel to sustain bodily functions. By using temperature variations in their surroundings, or by remaining cold when they do not need to move, reptiles can save considerable amounts of energy compared to endothermic animals of the same size. [77] A crocodile needs from a tenth to a fifth of the food necessary for a lion of the same weight and can live half a year without eating. [78] Lower food requirements and adaptive metabolisms allow reptiles to dominate the animal life in regions where net calorie availability is too low to sustain large-bodied mammals and birds.

Turtles have been traditionally believed to be surviving parareptiles, on the basis of their anapsid skull structure, which was assumed to be primitive trait. [49] The rationale for this classification has been disputed, with some arguing that turtles are diapsids that evolved anapsid skulls, improving their armor. [33] Later morphological phylogenetic studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within Diapsida. [50] All molecular studies have strongly upheld the placement of turtles within diapsids, most commonly as a sister group to extant archosaurs. [24] [25] [26] [27] Permian reptiles [ edit ]The composition of Euryapsida was uncertain. Ichthyosaurs were, at times, considered to have arisen independently of the other euryapsids, and given the older name Parapsida. Parapsida was later discarded as a group for the most part (ichthyosaurs being classified as incertae sedis or with Euryapsida). However, four (or three if Euryapsida is merged into Diapsida) subclasses remained more or less universal for non-specialist work throughout the 20thcentury. It has largely been abandoned by recent researchers: In particular, the anapsid condition has been found to occur so variably among unrelated groups that it is not now considered a useful distinction. [18] Phylogenetics and modern definition [ edit ]

While scales are an integral part of reptile taxonomy, the terminology is not entirely consistent. For instance, the scales between the nostrils are sometimes called supranasals [3] and sometimes internasals.YOUNG, BRUCE A. (1997). "A Review of Sound Production and Hearing in Snakes, with a Discussion of Intraspecific Acoustic Communication in Snakes". Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. 71 (1): 39–46. ISSN 1044-6753. JSTOR 44149431. Most reptiles are diurnal animals. The vision is typically adapted to daylight conditions, with color vision and more advanced visual depth perception than in amphibians and most mammals. a b Sander, P. Martin (2012). "Reproduction in early amniotes". Science. 337 (6096): 806–808. Bibcode: 2012Sci...337..806S. doi: 10.1126/science.1224301. PMID 22904001. S2CID 7041966. As mentioned previously, the most dominant form of reptile reproduction is oviparous or egg-laying reproduction, but there are a few notable exceptions. Around 20% of all lizards and snakes, including the boas, do produce live young instead of eggs. These viviparous reptiles have a non-mammalian placenta or some other means through which nutrients are transferred from the mother to the offspring and vice versa for the waste. The main advantage of viviparous birth is that it protects the eggs from predators in a hostile environment. But this method of birth has a tradeoff, since it’s taxing on the mother. Tsuji, L.A.; Müller, J. (2009). "Assembling the History of the Parareptilia: Phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade". Fossil Record. 12 (1): 71–81. Bibcode: 2009FossR..12...71T. doi: 10.1002/mmng.200800011.