Anatomy of the Horse: with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg

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Either type of infection can cause damage to adjacent vessels or nerves, leading to hemorrhaging or dysphagia and/or Horner’s syndrome. As a result of wear, the edges of the infundibula become razor sharp, making the occlusal surface of the molar teeth an efficient grinding surface. Although the greater width of the maxillary cheek teeth and their outer ridges, or cingula (cingulum is singular), are often sharp and need to be filed down or “ floated” to prevent injury to the buccal (cheek) mucosa. May-Davis, S. and Walker, C., 2015. Variations and Implications of the Gross Morphology in the Longus colli Muscle in Thoroughbred and Thoroughbred Derivative Horses Presenting With a Congenital Malformation of the Sixth and Seventh Cervical Vertebrae. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 35, pp.560-568.

Like HORSES, the canines of small CAMELIDS are sexually dimorphic but they are less obvious. The fighting teeth of female camelids are smaller than those of the males. Figure 14B-12 Sagittal section through a central incisor tooth (I1) of a young horse showing the internal structure of the tooth. 1, pulp cavity (in life filled with vessels, nerves and connective tissue); 1′, secondary dentine (receding pulp cavity fills in with dark dentine, note that it is located on the labial (lip) side with respect to the infundibulum); 2, dentine; 3, enamel; * cementum in the infundibulum, stippling on portions of the outside of I2 represent cementum as well (often the soft cementum is worn away); A, transection of tooth showing dental star (1′) and cup filled with dark debris; B, transection of tooth showing dental star (1′) and cementum filling the bottom of cup. The central and second incisors are in wear (flat occlusal surface) but I3 is newly erupted and not yet in wear, so the horse is near 5 years old. The dental star is flattened in young horses as in the above figure but more round in older horses after the tooth is worn down past the enamel spot.

Skin Anatomy in Horses

Caps are the remnant deciduous tooth that is pushed out by the permanent teeth (i.e., they may be seen forming a “ cap” on top of the permanent teeth). Tendons: a type of connective tissue made up mostly of a protein called collagen that connects the end of a muscle to a bone. The supraorbital n. arises from the frontal branch (CN V Trigeminal, ophthalmic division) and carries sensation from the superior palpebrae and skin of the forehead. A branch of the maxillary division carries sensation from the inferior palpebrae. The maxillary sinus of the BOVINE extends into the lacrimal bulla. Dorsal to the maxillary sinus is the dorsal conchal sinus (Fig. 14B-7/4).

The muscles controlling the movements of the eyes include the four rectus muscles: medial, lateral, dorsal, and ventral rectus. Additionally, there is a dorsal and ventral oblique, as well as the rectractor bulbi mm. Whittington, Beverly. "Body Parts of the Horse". Gaited Horses. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018.

Lateral to the occipital condyles are the paracondylar processes (Fig. 14B-6/2) which give rise to muscles that attach to the mandible. The temporal fossa is caudal to the orbit in BOVINE, and is relatively deep. (Fig. 14B-3) The temporal fossa is shallow on the skull of small RUMINANTS and HORSES. (Fig. 14B-2/3)

Muscular process of the petrous part of the temporal bone, pterygoid bone, and lateral lamina of the auditory tube

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Clinical Notes: A nasogastric tube is used to relieve gas build up within the stomach (e.g., colic), or to deliver medications or fluids into the stomach (usually in EQUINE). Complications can include bleeding if the tube abrades the conchae/turbinates. Interarcuate ligament/ yellow ligament/ ligamentum flavum: An elastic ligament that fills the dorsal space between the arch of the adjacent vertebra [1]

May-Davis, S., 2014. The occurrence of a congenital malformation in the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae predominantly observed in Thoroughbred horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 34, pp.1313-1317. The hyoglossus m. is ventral and caudal to the root of the tongue, spanning from the basihyoid bone to the tongue, hence the name hyo-glossus. Edward Busuttil DVM, CertAVP, PgCertVPS, MRCVS, gives us an anatomical insight into how stability is maintained in this vital system The reproductive system in a horse functions to produce offspring. This system in both males and females is composed of primary sex organs and primary regulatory centers. Denoix, J. and Pailloux, J., 2011b. Treatment by Anatomical area. In: J. Denoix and J. Pailloux, ed., Physical Therapy and Massage of the Horse, 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, pp.175-180.A10.5 Identify and describe the listed teeth structures and terms; given a chart, estimate the age of a horse based on the mandibular incisor teeth; be able to assign a Triadan number for any equine tooth. Horses maintain reproductive cycles that are important to consider when planning an equine pregnancy, especially if a horse owner plans to utilize artificial insemination. Equine Anatomy Considerations Figures above (left) Bovine: needle placement for desensitizing the cornual n. bovine. The cornual n. follows the temporal ling/ridge to the base of the horn. (right) Caprine (goat): A, Needle placement for desensitizing the cornual branch of the lacrimal n. B, Needle placement for desensitizing the cornual branch of the infratrochlear n. (Modified from Muir WW III, Hubbell JAE, Bednarski RM, Skarda RT: Veterinary anesthesia, 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 2000.) The transverse facial a. is a branch of the superficial temporal a., which is near the transition of the external carotid to the maxillary a. It is important due to its use for arteriopuncture (i.e., arterial blood sample). It is located caudal to the lateral palpebral commissure and ventral to the zygomatic arch. (Fig. 18-40) The muscles of mastication are innervated by the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve CNV. [1] Muscle