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The forepaws possess a "false thumb", which is an extension of a wrist bone, the radial sesamoid found in many carnivorans. This thumb allows the animal to grip onto bamboo stalks and both the digits and wrist bones are highly flexible. The red panda shares this feature with the giant panda, which has a larger sesamoid that is more compressed at the sides. In addition, the red panda's sesamoid has a more sunken tip while the giant panda's curves in the middle. These features give the giant panda more developed dexterity. [32] a b c Dong, X.; Zhang, J.; Gu, X.; Wang, Y.; Bai, W. & Huang, Q. (2021). "Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda ( Ailurus styani) in Sichuan, China". Global Ecology and Conservation. 28: e01705. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705. Datta, A.; Naniwadekar, R. & Anand, M. O. (2008). "Occurrence and conservation status of small carnivores in two protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India". Small Carnivore Conservation. 39: 1–10. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022 . Retrieved 18 March 2022. a b Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J. & Nedbal, M. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–337. doi: 10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099. Li, X.; Bleisch, W. V.; Liu, X. & Jiang, X. (2021). "Camera-trap surveys reveal high diversity of mammals and pheasants in Medog, Tibet". Oryx. 55 (2): 177–180. doi: 10.1017/S0030605319001467.

Lindburg, Donald G.; Baragona, Karen (2004). Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23867-2. Wei, F.; Zhang, Z.; Thapa, A.; Zhijin, L. & Hu, Y. (2021). "Conservation initiatives in China". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.509–520. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00021-1. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243813871. a b Roberts, M. S. & Kessler, D. S. (1979). "Reproduction in Red pandas, Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)". Journal of Zoology. 188 (2): 235–249. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x. The family Ailuridae appears to have evolved in Europe in either the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene, about 25to18 million years ago. The earliest member Amphictis is known from its 10cm (4in) skull and may have been around the same size as the modern species. Its dentition consists of sharp premolars and carnassials (P4 and m1) and molars adapted for grinding (M1, M2 and m2), suggesting that it had a generalised carnivorous diet. Its placement within Ailuridae is based on the grooves on the side of its canine teeth. Other early or basal ailurids include Alopecocyon and Simocyon, whose fossils have been found throughout Eurasia and North America dating from the Middle Miocene, the latter of which survived into the Early Pliocene. Both have similar teeth to Amphictis and thus had a similar diet. [19] The puma-sized Simocyon was likely a tree-climber and shared a "false thumb"—an extended wrist bone—with the modern species, suggesting the appendage was an adaptation to arboreal locomotion and not to feed on bamboo. [19] [20] In the 1970s, gifts of giant pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's Republic of China (PRC), as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between China and the West. This practice has been termed "panda diplomacy". [123]Joshi, B. D.; Dalui, S.; Singh, S. K.; Mukherjee, T.; Chandra, K.; Sharma, L. K. & Thakur, M. (2021). "Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species". Mammalian Biology. 101 (1): 121–124. doi: 10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y. S2CID 231811193.

Cuvier, F. (1825). "Panda". In Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle (in French). Vol.5. Paris: A. Belin. p.LII 1–3.Pandas eat any of 25 bamboo species in the wild, such as Fargesia dracocephala [71] and Fargesia rufa. [72] Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less. [73] Pradhan, S.; Saha, G. K. & Khan, J. A. (2001). "Ecology of the Red Panda Ailurus fulgens in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India". Biological Conservation. 98: 11–18. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3.

It has been estimated that an adult panda absorbs 54.8–66.1mg (0.846–1.020gr) of cyanide a day through its diet. To prevent poisoning, they have evolved anti-toxic mechanisms to protect themselves. About 80% of the cyanide is metabolized to less toxic thiocyanate and discharged in urine, while the remaining 20% is detoxified by other minor pathways. [66] Li, R.; Fan, W.; Tian, G.; Zhu, H.; He, L.; Cai, J.; Huang, Q.; Cai, Q.; Li, B.; Bai, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, W.; Li, J.; Wei, F.; Li, H.; Jian, M.; Li, J.; Zhang, Z.; Nielsen, R.; Li, D.; Gu, W.; Yang, Z.; Xuan, Z.; Ryder, O. A.; Leung, F. C. C.; Zhou, Y.; Cao, J.; Sun, X.; etal. (2009). "The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome". Nature. 463 (7279): 311–317. Bibcode: 2010Natur.463..311L. doi: 10.1038/nature08696. PMC 3951497. PMID 20010809. The average giant panda eats as much as 9 to 14kg (20 to 31lb) of bamboo shoots a day to compensate for the limited energy content of its diet. Ingestion of such a large quantity of material is possible and necessary because of the rapid passage of large amounts of indigestible plant material through the short, straight digestive tract. [62] [63] It is also noted, however, that such rapid passage of digesta limits the potential of microbial digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, [62] limiting alternative forms of digestion. Given this voluminous diet, the giant panda defecates up to 40 times a day. [64] The limited energy input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The giant panda tends to limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain to limit its energy expenditures. [65] The morphological characteristics of extinct relatives of the giant panda suggest that while the ancient giant panda was omnivorous 7 million years ago (mya), it only became herbivorous some 2–2.4 mya with the emergence of A. microta. [67] [68] Genome sequencing of the giant panda suggests that the dietary switch could have initiated from the loss of the sole umami taste receptor, encoded by the genes TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 (also known as T1R1 and T1R3), resulting from two frameshift mutations within the T1R1 exons. [69] Umami taste corresponds to high levels of glutamate as found in meat and may have thus altered the food choice of the giant panda. [70] Although the pseudogenisation (conversion into a pseudogene) of the umami taste receptor in Ailuropoda coincides with the dietary switch to herbivory, it is likely a result of, and not the reason for, the dietary change. [68] [69] [70] The mutation time for the T1R1 gene in the giant panda is estimated to 4.2 mya [68] while fossil evidence indicates bamboo consumption in the giant panda species at least 7 mya, [67] signifying that although complete herbivory occurred around 2 mya, the dietary switch was initiated prior to T1R1 loss-of-function.

2. Their eyes are different to normal bears

Roka, B.; Jha, A. K. & Chhetri, D. R. (2021). "A study on plant preferences of Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species". Acta Biologica Sibirica. 7: 425–439. doi: 10.3897/abs.7.e71816. S2CID 244942192. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022 . Retrieved 29 January 2022. The red panda is listed in CITES Appendix I and protected in all range countries; hunting is illegal. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008 because the global population is estimated at 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend. A large extent of its habitat is part of protected areas. [1] Protected areas in red panda range countries Country Tanaka, A. & Ogura, T. (2018). "Current husbandry situation of Red Pandas in Japan". Zoo Biology. 37 (2): 107–114. doi: 10.1002/zoo.21407. PMID 29512188. Physical Description". Giant Panda Species Survival Plan. Archived from the original on 4 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2011.